{"id":26547,"date":"2023-12-20T18:30:07","date_gmt":"2023-12-20T11:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tom.ji42.com\/?p=26547"},"modified":"2023-12-20T18:30:07","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T11:30:07","slug":"keyboard-modifiers-and-special-keys","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/?p=26547","title":{"rendered":"Keyboard Modifiers and Special Keys"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

When given a printable ASCII character as an argument, the functions\u00a0Keyboard.write()<\/code>,\u00a0Keyboard.press()<\/code>\u00a0and\u00a0Keyboard.release()<\/code>\u00a0simulate actuations on the corresponding keys. These functions can also handle ASCII characters that require pressing a key in combination with Shift or, on international keyboards, AltGr. For example:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
Keyboard.write('a');  \/\/ press and release the 'A' key\r\nKeyboard.write('A');  \/\/ press Shift and 'A', then release both<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
A typical keyboard, however, has many keys that do not match a printable ASCII character. In order to simulate those keys, the library provides a set of macros that can be passed as arguments to\u00a0Keyboard.write()<\/code>,\u00a0Keyboard.press()<\/code>\u00a0and\u00a0Keyboard.release()<\/code>. For example, the key combination Shift+F2 can be generated by:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
Keyboard.press(KEY_LEFT_SHIFT);  \/\/ press and hold Shift\r\nKeyboard.press(KEY_F2);          \/\/ press and hold F2\r\nKeyboard.releaseAll();           \/\/ release both<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Note that, in order to press multiple keys simultaneously, one has to use\u00a0Keyboard.press()<\/code><\/a>\u00a0rather than\u00a0Keyboard.write()<\/code><\/a>, as the latter just \u201chits\u201d the keys (it presses and immediately releases them).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
<\/p>\n
\n
The available macros are listed below:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Keyboard modifiers<\/h3>\n
\n
These keys are meant to modify the normal action of another key when the two are pressed in combination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
KEY<\/th>\nHEXADECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nDECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nNOTES<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
KEY_LEFT_CTRL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
128<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_LEFT_SHIFT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
129<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_LEFT_ALT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
130<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Option (\u2325) on Mac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_LEFT_GUI<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
131<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
OS logo, Command (\u2318) on Mac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_RIGHT_CTRL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
132<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_RIGHT_SHIFT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
133<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_RIGHT_ALT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
134<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
also AltGr, Option (\u2325) on Mac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_RIGHT_GUI<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0x87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
135<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
OS logo, Command (\u2318) on Mac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Special keys<\/h3>\n
\n
These are all the keys that do not match a printable ASCII character and are not modifiers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Within the alphanumeric cluster<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
KEY<\/th>\nHEXADECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nDECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
KEY_TAB<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xB3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
179<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_CAPS_LOCK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
193<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_BACKSPACE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xB2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
178<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_RETURN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xB0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
176<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_MENU<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xED<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
237<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Navigation cluster<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
KEY<\/th>\nHEXADECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nDECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
KEY_INSERT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
209<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_DELETE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
212<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_HOME<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
210<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_END<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
213<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_PAGE_UP<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
211<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_PAGE_DOWN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
214<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_UP_ARROW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xDA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
218<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_DOWN_ARROW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
217<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_LEFT_ARROW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
216<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_RIGHT_ARROW<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
215<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Numeric keypad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
KEY<\/th>\nHEXADECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nDECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
KEY_NUM_LOCK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xDB<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
219<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_SLASH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xDC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
220<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_ASTERISK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xDD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
221<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_MINUS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xDE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
222<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_PLUS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xDF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
223<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_ENTER<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
224<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
225<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
226<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
227<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
228<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
229<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
230<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
231<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
232<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xE9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
233<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xEA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
234<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_KP_DOT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xEB<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Escape and function keys<\/h4>\n
\n
The library can simulate function keys up to F24.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
KEY<\/th>\nHEXADECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nDECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
KEY_ESC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xB1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
177<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
194<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
195<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
196<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
197<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
198<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
199<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xC9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
201<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xCA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
202<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xCB<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
203<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xCC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
204<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F12<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xCD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
205<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F13<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
240<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
241<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F15<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
242<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F16<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
243<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F17<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
244<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F18<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
245<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F19<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
246<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F20<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
247<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F21<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
248<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F22<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xF9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
249<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F23<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xFA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_F24<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xFB<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
251<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Function control keys<\/h4>\n
\n
These are three keys that sit above the navigation cluster.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
KEY<\/th>\nHEXADECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nDECIMAL VALUE<\/th>\nNOTES<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
KEY_PRINT_SCREEN<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xCE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
206<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Print Screen or PrtSc \/ SysRq<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_SCROLL_LOCK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xCF<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
207<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
KEY_PAUSE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
0xD0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
208<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Pause \/ Break<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
International keyboard layouts<\/h4>\n
\n
Some national layouts define extra keys. For example, the Swedish and Danish layouts define\u00a0KEY_A_RING<\/code>\u00a0as\u00a00xB7<\/code>, which is the key to the right of \u201cP\u201d, labeled \u201c\u00c5\u201d on those layouts and \u201c{\u201d\/\u201c[\u201d on the US layout. In order to use those definitions, one has to include the proper Keyboard_*.h file. For example:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
#include <Keyboard.h>\r\n#include <Keyboard_sv_SE.h> \/\/ extra key definitions from Swedish layout\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Keyboard.begin(KeyboardLayout_sv_SE); \/\/ use the Swedish layout\r\n  Keyboard.write(KEY_A_RING);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {} \/\/ do-nothing loop<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
For the list of layout-specific key definitions, see the respective Keyboard_*.h file within the library sources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
When given a printable ASCII character as an argument, the functions\u00a0Keyboard.write(),\u00a0Keyboard.press()\u00a0and\u00a0Keyboard.release()\u00a0simulate actuations on the corresponding keys. These functions can also handle ASCII characters that require pressing a key in combination with Shift or, on international keyboards, AltGr. For example: Keyboard.write(‘a’); \/\/ press and release the ‘A’ key Keyboard.write(‘A’); \/\/ press Shift and ‘A’, then release […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p6cOVM-6Ub","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26547","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=26547"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26547\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26548,"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26547\/revisions\/26548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=26547"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=26547"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tom.tomwork.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=26547"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}